Accessory: A metal storage building product which supplements a basic solid panel building such as a door, electronic access system, window, light transmitting panel, roof vent, etc.

Agricultural Building: A building structure designed and constructed to house farm implements, hay, grain, poultry, livestock or other agricultural products. Such structures should not include: spaces meant for habitation or to be occupied, spaces in which agricultural products are processed, treated, or the possibility of being as a place of occupancy by the general public.

Air Barrier: Is a membrane in the metal storage building enclosure (i.e. wall or roof assemblies) designed to restrict the flow of air through the enclosure.

AISI: (acronym) American Iron and Steel Institute

Aluminized Steel: Steel coated with aluminum for corrosion resistance.

Anchor Bolts: Bolts used to anchor members to a building foundation or other support.

Anchor Bolt Plan: A plan view drawing showing the diameter, location and projection of all anchor bolts for the components of the Metal Storage Building System and may show column reactions (magnitude and direction). The maximum base plate dimensions may also be shown.

Anodizing: (Aluminum Anodic Oxide Coating) A process of coating aluminum by electrolytic oxidation resulting in a thin film of aluminum oxide of extreme hardness. Dye-coloring is possible by impregnation during the process.

Approval Drawings: Drawings provided by CMMI which illustrate our interpretation of the general architectural drawings; to be submitted for verification.

ASD: (acronym) Allowable Stress Design.

Assembly: A group of mutually dependent and compatible components or subassemblies of components.

ASTM: (acronym) The American Society for Testing and Materials

Astragal: a closure between the two leaves of a double swing or double slide door.

Automatic Crane: A crane which when activated operates through a preset series of cycles.

Auxiliary Crane Girder: A girder arranged parallel to the main girder for supporting the platform, motor base, operator's cab, control panels, etc., to reduce the torsional forces that such a load would otherwise impose on the main crane girder.

Axial Force: A force tending to elongate or shorten a member.

Back Coat: A coating applied to the back or unexposed side of metal storage building panels. Its purpose is to prevent corrosion of the reverse side. It is closely controlled for color, gloss and applied dry film thickness. Not to be confused with a wash coat.

Bar Joist: A name commonly used for Open Web Steel Joists.

Base Angle: An angle used to secure the base of the metal storage building wall panel to the foundation.

Base Plate: A plate attached to the bottom of a metal storage building column, which rests on a foundation or other support, usually secured by anchor bolts.

Base Tube: See Cast in Place Base.

Batten: A broad, formed strip of metal put over a metal storage building roof seam for decorative purposes and to conceal fasteners.

Bay: The space between the main frames measured normal to the frame.

Bay-End: The distance between the centerline of the first interior frame to the inside of the endwall panel.

Bay-Interior: The distance from centerline to centerline of two interior columns.

Bead Mastic: Sealant furnished in a continuous roll, normally used for sealing roof panel laps.

Beam: A member, usually horizontal, that is subjected to bending loads. Three types are simple, continuous, and cantilever.

Beam and Column: A Structural system consisting of a series of rafter beams supported by columns. Often used as the end frame of a metal storage building.

Bearing End Frame: See Beam and Column.

Bearing Frame Endwall: Frame composed of corner columns, end columns, flush girts, and channel rafter beams, which is designed to carry one-half bay weight. Also referred to as "light endwall".

Bearing Plate: A steel plate that is set on the top of a masonry support on which a beam or purlin can rest.

Bent: See Main Frame.

Bevel: A sloped or canted surface contiguous with a vertical or horizontal surface.

Bill of Materials: An itemized list of materials for fabrication and shipment to the site of a metal storage building installation. Also called tally sheet or shipping order.

Bird Screen: Wire mesh used to prevent birds from entering the metal storage building through ventilators and louvers.

Blind Rivet: A small headed pin with expandable shank for joining light gauge metal. Typically it is used to attach flashing, gutters, etc.

Box Girder: Girders, trucks or other members of rectangular cross section enclosed on four sides.

Bracing Rods, Angles or Cables: Used in the plane of the roof and walls to transfer loads, such as wind, seismic and crane thrusts to the foundation.

Bracket: A structural support projecting from a structural member. Examples are canopy brackets, lean-to brackets, and crane runway brackets.

Bridge (Crane): That part of an overhead crane consisting of girders, trucks, end ties, walkway and drive mechanism that carries the trolley and travels in a direction parallel to the runway.

Bridge Crane: A load lifting system consisting of a hoist, which moves laterally on a beam, girder or bridge which in turn moves longitudinally on a runway made of beams and rails.

Bridging: Bracing or systems of bracing used between the structural members of a metal storage building.

British Thermal Unit (BTU): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit.

Building: A structure forming an open, partially enclosed, or enclosed space constructed by a planned process of combining materials, components, and subsystems to meet specific conditions of use.

Building Aisle: A space defined by the length of the building and the space between building columns.

Building Code: Regulations established by a recognized agency describing such items as design loads, procedures, construction materials and details, etc. for building structures, usually applying to designated geographical locations (city, province/state, county, etc.).

Built-Up Roofing: A roof covering made up of alternating layers of materials like tar and materials made of asphalt.

Built-Up Section: A structural member, usually an "I" shaped section, made from individual flat plates welded together.

Bumper: An energy-absorbing device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel, or when two moving cranes or trolleys come into contact.

Butt Plate: The end plate of a structural member usually used to rest against a like plate of another member in forming a connection. Sometimes called a splice plate or bolted end plate.

Bypass Girt: A wall framing system where the girts are mounted on the outside of the columns.

“C” Section: A cold formed secondary structural member formed in the shape of a block “C”.

Cab-Operated Crane: A crane controlled by an operator in a cab supported on the bridge or trolley.

Camber: Curvature of a flexural member in the plane of its web before loading.

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Canopy: A sheltering roof structure normally open on one or more sides.

Cantilever Beam: A beam supported only at one end with the other end free to move.

Capillary Action: That action which causes movement of liquids when in contact with two adjacent surfaces such as panel sidelaps.

Cap Plate: A plate located at the top of a column or end of a beam for capping the exposed end of the member.

Capacity (Crane): The maximum load (usually stated in tons) that a crane is designed to support.

Cast In Place Base: A continuous member imbedded in the edge of the foundation to which the wall panels are attached.

Caulk: To seal and make weather-tight the joints, seams, or voids by filling with a compound or material. To fill cracks and crevices using a non-hardening, putty-like compound often applied from a pressure gun.

Cellular Steel Deck: A deck profile with a flat sheet attached to the bottom creating enclosed cells through which electrical or communication services can run.

Chalking: When the paint finish on panels has a white powder film due to over exposure.

Channel, Hot Rolled: A member formed while in a semi-molten state at the steel mill to shape having standard dimensions and properties.

CIPH: (acronym) Canadian Institute of Plumbing and Heating

CISC: (acronym) Canadian Institute of Steel Construction

Cladding: Those components of a building exposed to the outdoor environment and intended to provide protection against wind, water and vapour. Sheet steel cladding are those components of sheet steel which form the exposed exterior surface of a wall or roof of a building.

Clip (Panel): A concealed fastening device.

Closure Strip: Any material used to close openings created by joining metal panels and flashing, usually formed to the panel profile.

CMHC: (acronym) Canada Mortgage and Housing

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CMU: Concrete Masonry Unit. Generally, used to construct masonry walls

COCA: (acronym) Council of Ontario Construction Associations

Cold Forming: The process of using press brakes or rolling mills to shape steel into desired cross sections at room temperature.

Collateral Loads: The weight of additional permanent materials required by the contract, other than the Building System, such as sprinklers, mechanical and electrical systems, partitions and ceilings.

Colour Bond: Galvanized steel prepared to accept field painting.

Column: A main member used in a vertical position on a metal storage building to transfer loads from main roof beams, trusses, or rafters to the foundations.

Component: A part used in a Metal Storage Building System. See also Components and Cladding.

Components and Cladding: Members which include girts, joists, purlins, studs, wall and roof panels, fasteners, end wall columns and endwall rafters of bearing end frames, roof overhang beams, canopy beams, and masonry walls that do not act as shear walls.

Composite Slab: Is the combination of a composite steel deck and a concrete cover slab that have cured together and bonded structurally to act together as one element.

Composite Steel Deck: A steel deck, either cellular or noncellular, which acts initially as a form and subsequently as positive moment reinforcement for the composite slab. The cured concrete interlocks with the deck to achieve composite action.

Coping: The capping or top course of a wall, usually adapted to the protection of the wall from weather.

Concealed Clip: A hold down clip used with a wall or roof panel system to connect the panel to the supporting structure without exposing the fasteners on the exterior surface.

Connection: The means of attachment of one structural member to another.

Continuity: The terminology given to a structural system denoting the transfer of loads and stresses from member to member allowing the members to act as a single unit.

Continuous Beam: A beam having three or more supports.

Covering: The exterior metal roof and wall paneling of a Metal Storage Building System.

Crane: A machine designed to move material by means of a hoist.

Crane Aisle: That portion of a building aisle in which a crane operates, defined by the crane span and the uninterrupted length of crane runway.

Crane Girder: The principal horizontal beams of the crane bridge that supports the trolley and is supported by the end tracks.

Crane Rail: A track supporting and guiding the wheels of a top-running bridge crane or trolley system.

Crane Runway Beam: The member that supports a crane rail and is supported by columns or rafters depending on the type of crane system. On underhung bridge cranes, the runway beam also acts as the crane rail.

Crane Span: The horizontal distance center-to-center of runway beams.

Crane Stop: A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy-absorbing ability.

Crane Support Column: A separate column that supports the runway beam of a top-running crane.

CSA: (acronym) Canadian Standards Association

CSCE: (acronym) Canadian Society for Civil Engineering

CSC: (acronym) CSC Canada Safety Council

CSPA: (acronym) Canadian Steel Producers Association

CSPC: (acronym) Canadian Steel Partnership Council

CSSBI: (acronym) Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute, the national association of companies involved in the structural sheet steel industry. The institute was founded in 1961 and since then has been an influential force in the development of research, building codes and specifications surrounding sheet steel building products.

CSTEC: (acronym) Canadian Steel Trade & Employment Congress

Curb: A raised edge on a concrete floor slab or a raised edge in the roof of the metal storage building for accessories.

Curtain Wall: Perimeter wall panels of the metal storage building which carry only their own weight and wind load.

Damper: A baffle used to open or close the throat of ventilators. They can be operated manually or by motors.

Dead Load: The weight of the building structure itself plus any permanent stationary loads.

Deck: The structural surface to which roofing or waterproofing system (including insulation) is applied.

Deflection: The transverse displacement of a structural member in the direction of load and measured from its no-load position.

Design Loads: Engineering criteria used to establish or meet safety factors as set forth by building codes.

Design Professional: Any Architect or Engineer.

Diagonal Bracing: See Bracing.

Diaphragm Action: The resistance to racking generally offered by the covering system, fasteners, and secondary framing. Distortion of the overall roof, floor, or wall shape.

Door Guide: An angle or channel used to stabilize or keep plumb a sliding or rolling door during its operation.

Downspout: A conduit used to carry water from the gutter of a metal storage building.

Drift (Sidesway): Horizontal displacement at the top of a vertical element due to lateral loads. Drift should not be confused with Deflection.

Drift (Snow): The snow accumulation at a height discontinuity.

Drift Pin: A tapered pin used during erection to align holes in steel members to be connected by bolting.

Drip Edge: A metal strip placed along the edge of a roof to divert water.

Eave: The line formed by the intersection of the roof and sidewall.

Eave Canopy: A projecting roof system on the sidewall whose overhanging edge is supported at the metal storage building.

Eave Gutter: See Gutter.

Eave Height: The vertical dimension from finished floor to the top of the eave strut.

Eave Strut: A structural member at the eave to support roof panels and wall panels.

Eave Strut Gusset: A small gusset shop-welded to main frame on RF and BC buildings to support eave struts and afford alignment with by-framed girts.

Eave Trim: Trim used to close off top of sidewall panels in lieu of eave gutter.

Edge Strip: The surface area of a metal storage building at the edges of the roof and corners of the walls where the wind loads on components and cladding are greater than at other areas of the metal storage building.

Effective Wind Area: The area used to determine the wind coefficient. The effective wind area may be greater than or equal to the tributary area.

Elastic Design: A design concept utilizing the a property of materials allowing for non-permanent shape distortion under a specified range of loading.

Electric Operated Crane: A crane in which the bridge, hoist or trolley is operated by electric power.

Electric Overhead Traveling Crane: An electrically-operated machine for lifting, lowering and transporting loads, consisting of a movable bridge carrying a fixed or movable hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead runway structure.

Embossing: A process used to imprint a textured surface on preformed metal products.

Embossments: Mean regularly spaced embossments, indentations or lugs on the various surfaces of a composite steel deck for the purpose of achieving composite action by interlocking with the cured structural concrete.

End Approach: The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to the runway, between the outer-most extremities of the crane and the centerline of the hook.

End Bay: The bays adjacent to the endwalls of a metal storage building. Usually the distance from the endwall to the first interior main frame measured normal to the endwall.

End Frame: A frame located at the endwall of a metal storage building that supports the loads from a portion of the end bay.

End Post: See Endwall Column.

End Stop: A device attached to a crane runway or rail to provide a safety stop at the end of a runway.

End Truck: The unit consisting of truck frame, wheels, bearings, axles, etc., which supports the bridge girders.

Endwall: An exterior wall that is parallel to the interior main frames of the metal storage building.

Endwall Column: A vertical member located at the endwall of a metal storage building that supports the girts. In post and beam endwall frames, endwall columns also support the rafter.

Endwall Overhang: See Purlin Extension.

End Zone: The surface area of a metal storage building along the roof at the endwall and at the corners of walls. (see Edge Strip)

Engineer/Architect of Record: The engineer or architect who is responsible for the overall design of the metal storage building project. The manufacturer's engineer is not the Engineer of Record.

Equipment Screen: Metal panels attached horizontally to a roof to conceal air conditioning units, heating units, exhaust fans, etc.

Erection: The on-site assembly of pre-engineered components to form complete structure.

Erection Bracing: Materials used by erectors to stabilize the metal storage building system during erection, also typically referred to as temporary bracing.

Erection Drawings: Roof and wall erection (framing) drawings that identify individual components and accessories furnished by the manufacturer in sufficient detail to permit proper Erection of the Metal Storage Building System.

Erector: A party who assembles or erects a Metal Storage Building System.

ESA: (acronym) Ontario Electrical Safety Authority

Expansion Joint: A break or space in construction to allow for thermal expansion and contraction of the materials used in the structure.

Exposure: That portion of the roofing exposed to the weather after installation.

Exterior Framed: A wall framing system where the girts are mounted on the outside of the columns.

Extrude: Forming metal shapes by forcing through a die.

Fabrication: The manufacturing process performed in a plant to convert raw material into finished Metal Storage Building System components. The main operations are cold forming, cutting, punching, welding, cleaning and painting.

Façade: A false front of a metal storage building; e.g., sloped mansard, vertical fascia, canted soffit.

Fading: Refers to the paint finish on panels becoming less vibrant of color.

Fascia: A decorative trim or panel projecting from the face of a wall.

Felt: Impregnated paper, commercially supplied in rolls, used as a moisture barrier between preformed panel and substructure.

Field: The job site, metal storage building site, or general marketing area.

Filler Strip: See Closure Strip.

Film Laminated Coil: Coil metal that has a corrosion resistant film laminated to it prior to the forming operation.

Finish: (1) The final treatment or coating of a surface or (2) the fine or decorative work required to make a metal storage building or its parts complete.

Fixed Clip: A standing seam roof system hold down clip that does not allow the roof panel to move independently of the roof substructure.

Fixed Base: A column base that is designed to resist rotation as well as horizontal or vertical movement.

Flange: The projecting edge of a structural member ( e.g. the top and bottom horizontal projections of an I beam).

Flange Brace: A member used to provide lateral support to the flange of a structural member.

Flashing: The metal used to "trim" or cover the juncture of two planes of material.

Floating Clip: A standing seam roof system hold down clip that allows the roof panel to horizontally move independently of the roof substructure. Also known as a "Sliding Clip" or "Slip Clip".

Floor Live Load: Those loads induced on the floor system by the use and occupancy of the metal storage building.

Fluoropolymer: A metal finish also known as PVF2. Trade names: Kynar 500® or Hylar 5000®.

Flush Girts: A wall framing system where the outside flange of the girts and the columns are flush.

FM: (acronym) Factory Mutual

Footing: A pad or mat, usually of concrete, located under a column, wall or other structural member, that is used to distribute the loads from that member into the supporting soil.

Foundation: The substructure, which supports a metal storage building or other structure.

Frame: Primary structural members, made up of columns and rafters, which support the secondary framing.

Framed Opening: Framing members and flashing which surround an opening.

Framing Plans: See Erection Drawings.

G-90: A typical coating weight for galvanized steel sheet. Equates to .090 oz. of zinc per square foot, total both sides.

Gable: A triangular portion of the endwall of a metal storage building directly under the sloping roof and above the eave line.

Gable Roof: A double sloped roof.

Gage: Thickness of steel or distance between holes punched in flanges, base or splice plates. See Gauge.

Galvalume®: The Bethlehem Steel trade name for a patented sheet steel having a hot-dip coating of corrosion resistant aluminum-zinc alloy. The Galvalume sheet coating consists of an alloy of nominally 55% aluminum, 1.6% silicon, and the balance zinc by weight, as listed in ASTM designation A792. On a volume basis, the coating is approximately 80% aluminum. GALVALUME® is a registered trademark of BIEC International Inc.

Galvanized: Steel coated with zinc for corrosion resistance.

Gantry Crane: A crane similar to an overhead crane except that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on one or more legs running on fixed rails or other run-way.

Gauge/Gage: (1) In metal products, a number designating a specific thickness of metal sheet, or diameter of wire, cable or fastener shank tabulated in a standardized series, each of which represents a decimal fraction of an inch (or millimeter). (2) Distance in inches (or millimeters) between adjacent lines of holes or fasteners.

Girder: A main horizontal or near horizontal structural member that supports vertical loads. It may consist of several pieces.

Girt: Is a secondary structural member in a wall assembly the transfers the wind loads from the wall cladding to the principal structural frame.

Glaze: The process of installing glass in windows and doors.

Glazing: Glass panes or paneling used in windows and doors.

Gloss: Subjective term describing the relative amount and nature of mirror-like reflection from a surface.

Grade: The term used when referring to the ground elevation around a metal storage building.

Grade Beam: A concrete beam around the perimeter of a metal storage building.

Ground Snow Load: The probable weight of snow on the ground for a specified recurrence interval exclusive of drifts or sliding snow.

Grout: A mixture of cement, sand and water used to fill cracks and cavities. Sometimes used under base plates or leveling plates to obtain uniform bearing surfaces.

Guideline: A written statement or outline of a policy, practice or conduct. Guidelines may propose options to enable a user to satisfy provisions of a code, standard, regulation or recommendation.

Gusset Plate: A steel plate used to reinforce or connect structural elements.

Gutter: A channel member installed at the eave of the roof for the purpose of carrying water from the roof to the drains or downspouts.

"H" Section: A steel member with a cross section in the shape of an "H".

Hair Pin: "V" shaped reinforcing steel used to transfer anchor bolt shear to the concrete floor mass.

Hand-Geared (Crane): A crane in which the bridge, hoist, or trolley is operated by the manual use of chain and gear without electric power.

Haunch: The deepened portion of a column or rafter designed to accommodate the higher bending moments at such points. (Usually occurs at the intersection of the column and the rafter.)

Header: The horizontal framing member located at the top of a framed opening.

Header Trim: Trim used above a wall opening.

High Strength Bolts: Any bolt made from steel having a tensile strength in excess of 100,000 pounds per square inch.

High Tensile Steel: Structural steel having a yield stress in excess of 36,000 pounds per square inch.

Hinged Base: See Pinned Base.

Hip: The line formed at the intersection of two adjacent sloping planes of a roof.

Hip Roof: A roof which rises by inclined planes from two or more sides of the metal storage building.

Hoist: A mechanical lifting device usually attached to a trolley that travels along a bridge, monorail, or jib crane. May be chain or electric operated.

Horizontal Guide Rollers: Wheels mounted near the ends of end trucks, which roll on the side of the rail to restrict lateral movement of the crane.

Hot-Rolled Shapes: Steel sections (angles, channels, "S" shapes, "W" shapes, etc.) which are formed by rolling mills while the steel is in a semi-molten state.

Hylar 5000®: A resin used in premium architectural finishes. Also known as PVF2 or polyvinylidene fluoride.

"I"-Beam: See S shape.

Ice Dam: A buildup of ice which forms a dam at the eave, contributing to an excessive build-up of snow on the roof.

Impact Load: A dynamic load resulting from the motion of machinery, elevators, craneways, vehicles, and other similar moving forces.

Impact Wrench: A power tool used to tighten nuts or bolts.

Importance Factor: A factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to property.

Inner Liner: Liner paneling on the inside of walls.

Installation: The on-site assembling of fabricated Metal Storage Building System components to form a completed structure.

Insulation: Any material used in metal storage building construction to reduce heat transfer.

Intermediate Bay: A distance between two main frames within a metal storage building, other than end frames.

Internal Pressure: Pressure inside a metal storage building.

Jack Beam: A beam used to support another beam, rafter or truss and eliminate a column support.

Jack Truss: A truss used to support another beam, rafter, or truss and eliminate a column support.

Jamb: The vertical framing members located at the sides of an opening.

Jib Crane: A cantilevered or suspended beam with hoist and trolley. This lifting device may pick up loads in all or part of a circle around the column to which it is attached.

Jig: A device used to hold pieces of material in a certain position during fabrication.

Joist: A light beam for supporting a floor or roof.

Joistmaster: Long-bay structural system, composed of built-up frames and long-span joists.

Kick-Out (Elbow) (Turn-Out): An extension attached to the bottom of a downspout to direct water away from a wall.

Kip: A unit of measure equal to 1,000 pounds.

Knee: The connecting area of a column and rafter of a structural frame such as a rigid frame.

Knee Brace: A diagonal member at a column and rafter intersection designed to resist horizontal loads.

Kynar 500®: A resin used in premium architectural finishes. Also known as PVF2 or polyvinylidene fluoride.

Lean-to: A structure having only one slope and depending upon another structure for partial support.

Length: The dimension of the metal storage building measured perpendicular to the main framing from outside to outside of endwall girts.

Leveling Plate: A steel plate used on top of a foundation or other support on which a structural column can rest.

Lift (Crane): Maximum safe vertical distance through which the hook, magnet, or bucket can move.

Lifting Devices (Crane): Buckets, magnets, grabs and other supplemental devices, the weight of which is to be considered part of the rated load, used for ease in handling certain types of loads.

Light Transmitting Panel: Panel used to admit light.

Limit States Design (LSD): Limit states design is a method of design that is mandated by all Canadian building codes and separates the "factor of safety" into two parts: a load factor and a resistance factor. The load factor is applied to the specified loads to recognize that loads higher than those anticipated may occur and is independent of the structural material. A resistance factor is applied to the theoretical member strength, or resistance, to recognize that the strength of the member cannot be predicted exactly due to variability in material properties, dimensions and workmanship.

Liner Panel: A panel applied as an interior finish.

Liner Sheet: The interior sheet of a double skin wall or roof assembly which acts as the air and vapour barrier for the assembly as well as creating an aesthetic interior finish.

Live Load: Loads that are produced (1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and materials, and (2) during the life of the structure by movable objects and do not include wind, snow, seismic, or dead loads. Also see Roof or Floor Live Load.

Load - Allowable: Used in working stress design, this is the total load (dead plus live) that a structural member was able to support.

Load - Axial: Is a load in a structural member (e.g. a column or beam-column) that is applied in a direction parallel to the long axis of the member and through the centroid of the cross section.

Load - Dead: Is the load on a structural member resulting from the weight of the member itself, applied finishes, and permanent partitions or equipment.

Load - Factored: Is the product of a specified load and the appropriate load factor.

Load - Live: Is the load on a structural member resulting from its intended use. This load could be the result of traffic, occupancy, storage of materials, snow, wind, earthquake, or other transient loads.

Load - Specified: Used in limit states design and is the un-factored load (dead or live) specified by the building code for the intended use and occupancy of the structure.

Load - Superimposed: This is the sum of the live load plus the dead load minus the self-weight of the structural member. (Often used for composite slab load tables).

Load Factor: Is a factor, normally greater than 1.0, intended to account for the unpredictability of loads.

Load Indicating Washers: A washer with dimples, which flatten when the high strength bolt is tightened. The bolt tension can then be determined by the use of feeler gauges to determine the gap between the washer and the bolt head.

Longitudinal: The direction parallel to the ridge or sidewall.

Longitudinal (Crane): Direction parallel to the crane runway beams.

Louver: An opening provided with fixed or movable slanted fins to allow flow of air.

Low Rise Building: A description of a class of metal storage buildings usually less than 60' eave height. Commonly, they are single story, but do not exceed 4 stories.

LRFD: Load and Resistance Factor Design.

Main Frame: An assemblage of rafters and columns that support the secondary framing members and transfer loads directly to the foundation.

Main Wind Force Resisting System: A structural assembly that provides for the overall stability of the metal storage building and receives wind loads from more than one surface. Examples include shear walls, diaphragms, rigid frames, and space structures.

Mansard: A sloped facade.

Manufacturer: A party who designs and fabricates a Metal Storage Building System.

Manufacturer's Engineer: An engineer employed by a manufacturer who is in responsible charge of the structural design of a Metal Storage Building System fabricated by the manufacturer. The manufacturer's engineer is not the Engineer of Record.

Masonry: Anything constructed of materials such as bricks, concrete blocks, ceramic blocks, and concrete.Masking The plastic covering on metal panels used to protect pieces during transit. Masking must be removed immediately after installation.

Masking: The plastic covering on metal panels used to protect pieces during transit. Masking must be removed immediately after installation.

Mastic: See Sealant.

MBMA: (acronym) Metal Building Manufacturers Association (United States)

MCA: (acronym) Metal Construction Association (United States)

Mean Roof Height: Average height of roof above ground.

Metal Storage Building System: A complete integrated set of mutually dependent components and assemblies that form a metal storage building including primary and secondary framing, covering and accessories, and are manufactured to permit inspection on site prior to assembly or erection.

Metallic Coating: A coating of zinc or aluminum- zinc alloy applied to the sheet steel, usually by a hot-dip process, intended to provide corrosion protection for the steel substrate.

Mezzanine: An intermediate level between floor and ceiling occupying a partial area of the floor space.

Mill Duty Crane: Cranes with service classification E and F as defined by CMAA.

Modulus of Elasticity: See Young's Modulus.

Moment: The tendency of a force to cause rotation about a point or axis.

Moment Connection: A connection designed to transfer moment as well as axial and shear forces between connecting members.

Moment of Inertia: Is a geometric property of the cross-section that is used to determine the deflections caused by flexural stresses.

Monolithic Construction: A method of placing concrete grade beam and floor slab together to form the metal storage building foundation without forming and placing each separately.

Monolithic Pour: The placing of concrete in a monolithic construction.

Monorail Crane: A crane that travels on a single runway beam, usually an "S" or "W" beam.

Mullions: Vertical member connecting two windows located side by side.

Multi-Gable Building: Metal Storage Buildings consisting of more than one gable across the width of the building.

Multi-Span Building: Metal Storage Buildings consisting of more than one span across the width of the building. Multiple gable buildings and single gable buildings with interior columns are examples.

Multiple Girder Crane: A crane, which has two or more girders for supporting the lifted load.

NBCC: (acronym) National Building Code of Canada

Nibbler: An electric hand tool used to cut steel roof or wall sheet openings.

OBC: (acronym) Ontario Building Code

Oil Canning: Visible stresses, inherent in the flat surface of preformed metal panels, regular undulations or waves that can form in large flat surfaces of thin material, that are cosmetic in nature and do not affect the structural integrity of the panel.

On Center (o.c.): The term used to define the measured spacing between frames, studs, joists, rafters, etc. On center measurements are taken from the center of one member to the center of the adjoining member.

Open Web Steel Joists: Lightweight truss.

Order Documents: The documents normally required by the Manufacturer in the ordinary course of entering and processing an order.

Outrigger: See Auxiliary Crane Girder.

Overhang: The roof extension over a sidewall or endwall.

Overhanging Beam: A simply supported beam that extends beyond its support.

Overhead Doors: See Sectional Overhead Doors.

Panel: In a metal storage building, (1) a portion of a surface flush with or recessed from, or sunk below the surrounding area, sometimes set off by distinct molding or other decorative measure. (2) a usually flat and rectangular piece of construction material made to form part of a surface. See Cladding.

Panel Notch: A notch or block out formed along the outside edge of the floor slab to provide support for the wall panels and serve as a closure along their bottom edge.

Pan Panel: A standing seam panel, which has vertical sides and has no space between the panels at the side laps.

Parapet: That portion of the vertical wall of a metal storage building which extends above the roof line at the intersection of the wall and roof.

Partition: An interior dividing wall.

Parts and Portions: See Components and Cladding.

Passivation: A chemical treatment given to the galvanized sheet steel to prevent the formation of white rust.

Peak: The uppermost point of a gable.

Peak Sign: A sign attached to the peak of the metal storage building at the endwall showing the building manufacturer.

Pendant-Operated Crane: Crane operated from a pendant control unit suspended from the crane.

Personnel Doors: doors used by personnel for access and exit from a metal storage building.

Pick Point: The belted part of panel bundles where the bundle is to be lifted.

Piece Mark: A number given to each separate part of the metal storage building for erection identification. Also called mark number and part number.

Pier: A concrete structure designed to transfer vertical load from the base of a column to the footing.

Pig Spout: A sheet metal section designed to direct the flow of water out through the face of the gutter rather than through a downspout.

Pilaster: A reinforced or enlarged portion of a masonry wall to provide support for roof loads or lateral loads on the wall.

Pinned Base: A column base that is designed to resist horizontal and vertical movement, but not rotation.

Pin Connection: A connection designed to transfer axial and shear forces between connecting members, but not moments.

Pitch: See Roof Slope.

Plastic Design: A design concept based on multiplying the actual loads by a suitable load factor, and using the yield stress as the maximum stress in any member, and taking into consideration moment redistribution.

Plastic Panels: See Light Transmitting Panels.

Point Load: Is a concentrated load on a structural member.

Ponding: 1) The gathering of water at low or irregular areas on a roof.
2) Progressive accumulation of water from deflection due to rain loads.

Pop Rivet: A small headed pin with expandable shank for joining light gauge metal. Typically used to attach flashing, gutter, etc.

Porosity: The measurement of openings in metal storage buildings, which allow air to enter during a windstorm.

Portal Frame: A rigid frame so designed that it offers rigidity and stability in its plane. It is generally used to resist longitudinal loads where other bracing methods are not permitted.

Post: See Column.

Post and Beam: A structural system consisting of a series of rafter beams supported by columns. Often used as the end frame of a metal storage building.

Post-Painting: Refers to painting of a component (e.g. cladding) after it has been roll formed.

Post-tensioning: A method of pre-stressing reinforced concrete in which tendons are tensioned after the concrete has reached a specific strength.

Power Actuated Fastener: A device for fastening items by the utilization of a patented device that uses an explosive charge or compressed air to embed the pin in concrete or steel.

Pre-finished: Refers to a material in coil form factory-coated with a paint, or laminate system, prior to delivery to a fabricator.

Pre-tensioning: A method of pre-stressing reinforced concrete in which the tendons are tensioned before the concrete has been placed.

Pre-Painted Coil: Coil of metal, which has received a paint coating.

Press Brake: A machine used in cold-forming metal sheets or strips into desired sections.

Pre-stressed Concrete: Concrete in which internal stresses of such magnitude and distribution are introduced that the tensile stresses resulting from the service loads are counteracted to a desired degree; in reinforced concrete the pre-stress is commonly introduced by tensioning the tendons.

Primary Framing: See Main Frame.

Prismatic Beam: A beam with a uniform cross section.

Public Assembly: A building or space where 300 or more persons may congregate in one area.

Purlin: Is a secondary structural member in a roof assembly that transfers the loads from the roof cladding to the principal structural frame.

Purlin Extension: The projection of the roof beyond the plane of the endwall.

Rafter: The main beam supporting the roof system.

Rail (Crane): See Crane Rail.

Rails (Door): The horizontal stiffening members of framed and paneled doors.

Rain Screen: A wall assembly that has a vented cavity allowing the equalization of air pressures on both sides of the exterior  cladding.

Rake: The intersection of the roof and wall at the gable end.

Rake Angle: Angle fastened to purlins at rake for attachment of endwall panels.

Rake Trim: A flashing designed to close the opening between the roof and endwall panels.

Rated Capacity (Crane): The maximum load (usually in tons), which a crane is designed to support safely.

Reactions: The resisting forces at the column bases provided by foundations that hold a structure in equilibrium under a given loading condition.

Reinforcing Steel: The steel placed in concrete as required to carry the tension, compression and shear stresses.

Reinforcement - Negative: Reinforcing steel added near the top of a concrete slab to carry the tensile forces caused by negative moments. Negative moment reinforcement is also required in a composite slab in regions of negative moment.

Reinforcement - Positive: Reinforcing steel added near the bottom of a concrete slab to carry the tensile forces caused by positive moments. The steel deck acts as the positive moment reinforcement for a composite slab.

Remote-Operated Crane: A crane controlled by an operator not in a pulpit or in the cab attached to the crane by any method other than pendant or rope control.

Resistance - Nominal: The strength, or resistance, of a member calculated in accordance with the governing design standard (i.e. CSA-S136 for cold formed steel).

Resistance - Factored: Is the product of the nominal resistance and the appropriate resistance factor which reduces the resistance to recognize variability in material properties, dimensions and workmanship.

Retrofit: The placing of new metal roof or wall systems over deteriorated roofs or walls.

Rib: The longitudinal raised profile of a panel that provides much of the panel's bending strength.

Ribbed Panel: A panel, which has ribs with sloping sides and forms a trapezoidal shaped void at the side lap.

Ridge: The highest point on the roof of a metal storage building formed by the opposing sloping sides which describes a horizontal line running the length of the metal storage building.

Ridge Cap: A transition of the roofing materials along the ridge of a roof; sometimes called ridge roll or ridge flashing.

Rigid Connection: See Moment Connection.

Rigid Frame (RF): A structural frame consisting of members joined together with moment connections so as to render the frame stable with respect to the design loads, without the need for bracing in its plane.

Rollform: Forming metal shapes by applying pressure through rollers.

Rolling Doors: Doors that are supported at the bottom on wheels that run on a track.

Roll-Up Door: A door that opens by traveling vertically and is gathered into a roll suspended some distance above the floor.

Roof: A surface, which is, inclined less than 70 degrees from the horizontal.

Roof Covering: The exposed exterior roof surface consisting of metal panels.

Roof Live Load: Loads that are produced (1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and materials, and (2) during the life of the structure by movable objects which do not include wind, snow, seismic or dead loads.

Roof Overhang: A roof extension beyond the endwall or sidewall of a metal storage building.

Roof Slope or Pitch: The ratio of rise to base width, usually expressed in inches of vertical rise to 12 inches of horizontal run.

Roof Snow Load: The load induced by the weight of snow on the roof of the structure.

Runway Beam: See Crane Runway Beam.

Runway Bracket: A bracket extending out form the column of a metal storage building frame, which supports the runway beam for top-running cranes.

Runway Conductors: The main conductors mounted on or parallel to the runway, which supplies electric current to the crane.

"S" Shape: A hot rolled beam with narrow tapered flanges.

Sag Member: A tension member such as rods, straps or angles used to limit the deflection of a girt or purlin in the direction of its weak axis.

Sandwich Panel: A panel used as covering consisting of an insulating core material with inner and outer metal skins.

Screw Down Roof System: A screw down roof system is one in which the roof panels are attached directly to the roof substructure with fasteners that penetrate through the roof sheets and into the substructure.

Scupper: An opening in a gutter or parapet system, which prevents ponding.

Sealant: Any material that is used to seal cracks, joints or laps.

Seaming Machine: A mechanical device that is used to close and seal the side seams of standing seam roof panels.

Secondary Framing: Members that carry loads from the metal storage building surface to the main framing. For example - purlins and girts.

Sectional Overhead Doors: Doors constructed in horizontally hinged sections. They are equipped with springs, tracks, counter balancers, and other hardware, which roll the sections into an overhead position clear of the opening.

Section Modulus: The section modulus is a property of the cross section, which is used to determine the bending stress in the extreme fibre of the section.

Seismic Load: The lateral load acting in any direction on a structural system due the action of an earthquake.

Self-Drilling Fastener: A screw fastener which combines the functions of drilling and tapping.

Self-Tapping Fastener: A screw fastener which taps its own threads in a predrilled hole.

Shear: The force tending to make two contacting parts slide upon each other in opposite directions parallel to their plane of contact.

Shear-Bond: Is the interlocking between the concrete slab and the composite steel deck. A shear-bond failure is when this interlocking breaks down under the ultimate flexure stresses.

Shear Diaphragms: Steel roof and floor deck, if properly connected to the supporting structure, can be designed to carry in-plane shear forces and act as the primary lateral bracing. In many cases the steel deck diaphragm will eliminate the need for an independent horizontal bracing system.

Shear Studs: Shear studs are steel members (resembling a bolt) that are resistance welded through a steel floor deck to the supporting structural steel members prior to placing the concrete. These studs interlock the supporting steel beams with the concrete slab to create a composite beam.

Shear Studs - Efficiency: In some composite beams it is not necessary to develop the full shear capacity of the studs and a partial shear connection is adequate. The effectiveness of the shear transfer between the studs and the concrete is also affected by the distance between studs and the mass of concrete enclosed by the deck flute. If the studs are placed in pairs the efficiency of the shear stud is reduced.

Signature® 200: An inorganic pigmented siliconized polyester coating, available with a 20 year warranty upon written request.

Signature® 300 and Signature® 300 Metallic: A fluorocarbon coating produced with Kynar 500® or Hylar 5000® resin, available with a 20 year warranty upon written request.

Shim: A piece of steel used to level base plates or align columns or beams.

Shipping List: See Bill of Materials.

Shop Primer Paint: The initial coat of primer paint applied in the shop. A temporary coating designed to protect the steel during shipping and erection until the metal storage building exterior and interior finish coverings have been installed. This coating may or may not serve as a proper prime coat for other finishing paints.

Shot Pin: See Power Actuated Fastener.

Side Lap Fastener: A fastener used to connect panels together above their length.

Sidesway: See Drift (Sidesway).

Sidewall: An exterior wall, which is perpendicular to the frames of a metal storage building system.

Sidewall Overhang: See Eave Canopy.

Sill: The bottom horizontal framing member of a wall opening such as a window or louver.

Simple Connection: See Pin Connection.

Simple Span: A term used in structural design to describe a beam support condition at two points which offers no resistance to rotation at the supports.

Single Slope: A sloping roof with only one plane. A roof slope from one sidewall to the opposite sidewall.

Siphon Break: A small groove to arrest the capillary action of two adjacent surfaces. (Anti- Capillary Groove).

Sister Column: See Crane Support Column.

Slide Door: A single or double leaf door, which opens horizontally by means of sliding on an overhead trolley.

Sliding Clip: A standing seam roof system hold down clip, which allows the roof panel to thermally expanded independently of the roof substructure.

Slope: See Roof Slope.

Snow Guards: These are accessories attached on sloping roofs to inhibit the sliding of snow.

Snow Load: See Roof Snow Load.

Snug Tight: The tightness of a bolt in a connection that exists when all plies in a joint are in firm contact.

Soffit: The underside covering of any exterior portion of a metal storage building.

Soil Bearing Pressure: The load per unit area a structure will exert through its foundation on the soil.

Soldier Column: An intermediate column used to support secondary structural members; not part of a main frame or beam and column system.

Spacer Strut (Crane): A type of assembly used to keep the end trucks of adjacent cranes on the same runway beams a minimum specified distance apart.

Span: The distance between two supporting members. The length of a flexural member (e.g. beam, cladding, deck) between supports.

Span - Continuous: Is when a flexural member spans continuously over a number of supports.

Span - Double: Is when a flexural member is continuous over three supports creating two separate spans.

Span - Simple: Is when a flexural member spans between only two supports.

Specification (Metal Storage Building System): A statement of a set of Metal Storage Building System requirements describing the loading conditions, design practices, materials and finishes.

Splice: A connection in a structural member.

Spreader Bar: Elongated bar with attached hooks and/or chains used from a crane to lift long sections of panels, or structural members such as rafters.

Spud Wrench: A tool used by erectors to line up holes and to make up bolted connections; a wrench with a tapered handle.

Square: The term used for an area of 100 square feet.

Stainless Steel: An alloy of steel, which contains a high percentage of chromium to increase corrosion resistance. Also may contain nickel or copper.

Standing Seam: Side joints of roof panels that are arranged in a vertical position above the roofline.

Standing Seam Roof System: A roof system in which the side laps between the roof panels are arranged in a vertical position above the roofline. The roof panel system is secured to the roof substructure by means of concealed hold down clips attached with screws to the substructure, except that through fasteners may be used at limited locations such as at ends of panels and at roof penetrations.

Steel Building System: Means a metal storage building system, intended primarily for commercial, industrial, recreational or institutional occupancies, featuring steel structural and cladding components in conjunction with applicable appurtenances. Components are engineered to facilitate mass production and assembly in various combinations.

Steel Studs: Are structural framing members, usually C-sections.
These members can be designed as combined axial and lateral loading bearing, wind load bearing only, or non-load bearing interior partitions.

Stiffener: A member used to strengthen a plate against lateral or local buckling.

Stiffener Lip: A short extension of material at an angle to the flange of cold formed structural members, which adds strength to the member.

Stiles: The vertical side members of framed and paneled doors.

Stitch Screw: A fastener connecting panels together at the sidelap.

Straight Tread Wheels: Crane wheels with flat-machined treads and double flanges, which limit the lateral movement of the crane.

Strain: The deformation per unit length measured in the direction of the stress caused by forces acting on a member. Not the same as deflection.

Stress: Is a force per unit area. If the stress tends to stretch or lengthen the material, it is called tensile stress; if to compress or shorten the material, a compressive stress; and if to shear the material, a shearing stress.

Structural Quality Sheet Steel: Sheet steel produced to a published material specification that guarantees minimum material properties.

Strut: A member fitted into a framework, which resists axial compressive forces.

Stud: A vertical wall member to which exterior or interior covering or collateral material may be attached. May be either load bearing or non-load bearing.

Sub-Girt: A structural member within the cavity of a wall assembly that separates the exterior steel cladding from the interior steel liner and creates the cavity for the insulation.

Substrate: Base metal of a metal storage building panel; e.g., Galvalume.

Substructure: Framework that metal storage building panels are attached to; e.g., plywood decking, metal decking, light gauge framing, etc.

Suspension System: The system (rigid or flexible) used to suspend the runway beams of underhung or monorail cranes from the rafter of the building frames.

Sweep: The amount of deviation of straightness of a structural section measured perpendicular to the web of the member.

Tapered Members: A built up plate member consisting of flanges welded to a variable depth web.

Tapered Tread Wheels: End truck wheels with treads which are tapered; the large diameter being toward the center of the span.

Temperature Mesh: A nominal amount of reinforcing steel (usually welded wire mesh) added to a concrete slab, or composite slab, to limit the size of cracks caused when the concrete cures and shrinks. This mesh needs to be located near the top of the slab to be most effective.

Tensile Strength: The longitudinal pulling stress a material can bear without tearing apart.

Tension Forces: Forces acting on a member tending to elongate it.

Tension Leveling: Process that takes the distortion out of the metal prior to rollforming, to minimize the chance of oilcanning of the panel.

Thermal Block: A spacer of low thermal conductance material that is installed between the purlin and roof insulation, to prevent energy loss.

Thermal Conductance, (C-Factor): The time rate of heat flow through unit area of a body induced by unit temperature difference between the body surfaces. Units are BTU / (Hour x ft 2 x degree F) [Imperial system] or Watts / (m 2 x degree C) [SI system]. See Thermal Resistance.

Thermal Conductivity, (K-Factor): The time rate of heat flow through unit thickness of a flat slab of a homogenous material in the perpendicular direction to the slab surfaces induced by unit temperature gradient. Units for K are (BTU x in) / (hour x ft 2 x degree F) or BTU/ (hour x ft x degree F) [Imperial System] and Watts / (m x degree C) [SI System]. See Thermal Resistivity.

Thermal Resistance: The ability of a material to slow the transfer of heat energy from a hot environment to a colder one.

Thermal Resistance (R-Value): Under steady conditions, the mean temperature difference between two defined surfaces of material or construction that induces unit heat flow through unit area. Note: Thermal resistance and thermal conductance are reciprocals. To obtain the U-Factor, overall thermal transmittance, R-Value for materials and/or combinations of materials must first be evaluated. U-Factor is then the reciprocal of the sum of these individual R-Values.

Thermal Resistivity: Under steady conditions, the temperature difference between parallel surfaces of a slab (large enough so there is no lateral heat flow) of unit thickness that induces unit heat flow through unit area. Note: Thermal resistivity and thermal conductivity are reciprocals. Thermal resistivity is the R-Value of a material of unit thickness.

Thermal Transmittance (U-Factor): The time rate of heat flow per unit is under steady conditions from the fluid on the warm side of a barrier to the fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the two fluids. To obtain, first evaluate the R-Value and then compute its reciprocal.

Thickness - Base Steel: Thickness of the sheet steel, excluding any metallic or organic coatings.

Thickness - Minimum: Sheet steel is manufactured to a specified thickness which falls within certain tolerances plus or minus. The minimum thickness of the sheet measured in the field will be the design thickness minus the maximum permissible under-tolerance.

Thickness - Design: Structural sheet steel storage building products are engineered to carry certain design loads. These loads are given in the load tables published by the manufacturer. These load tables will specify a steel thickness, which is the thickness, used by the engineer in the calculations.

Through-Fastened Roof System: A roof system in which the roof panels are attached directly to the roof substructure with fasteners, that penetrate through the roof sheets and into the substructure.

Through Ties: Reinforcing steel, usually in the concrete, extending from one column pier to the other column pier, tying the two columns of a rigid frame together to resist thrust.

Thrust: The horizontal component of a reaction usually at the column base.

Tie: A structural member that is loaded in tension.

Tolerance: The allowable deviation from a value or standard; the total range of variation permitted in maintaining a specified dimension in machining, fabricating or construction of a member or assembly.

Ton: 2,000 pounds.

Track: A metal way for wheeled components; specifically, one or more lines of ways, with fastenings, ties, etc., for a crane way, monorail or slide door.

Translucent Panels: See Light Transmitting Panels.

Transverse: The direction parallel to the main frames.

Tributary Area: The area directly supported by the structural member between contiguous supports.

Trim: The light gauge metal used in the finish of a metal storage building, especially around openings and at intersections of surfaces. Sometimes referred to as flashing.

Trolley (Crane): The unit carrying the hoisting mechanism.

Trolley Frame (Crane): The basic structure of the trolley on which are mounted the hoisting and traversing mechanisms.

Truss: A structure made up of three or more members, with each member designed to carry a tension or compression force. The entire structure in turn acts as a beam.

TSS: (acronym) see Turnkey Storage Systems®

Turnkey Storage Systems®: TSS is a complete worry free service, provided by Canadian Metal Manufacturing Inc., that presents self-storage business buyers, contractors, erectors, and other real estate investors with a total inclusive service from finance and land acquisition through design permits and construction to self-storage business grand opening.

Turnout: See Kick-Out.

Turn-of-the-Nut Method: A method for pre-tensioning high strength bolts. The nut is tightened an additional amount from the Snug Tight position, corresponding to a few blows of an impact wrench or the full effort of a man using an ordinary spud wrench. The amount of rotation required depends on the bolt diameter and length.

Twist Off Bolts: Bolts with a segment, which shears off at a predetermined torque during bolt tightening. These bolts utilized a specially designed wrench for proper installation.

UDL: Is the abbreviation for "uniformly distributed load" and is an idealized load condition where the load is assumed to be the same over the entire length of a beam or surface of a deck.

UH Crane: A multi-rail, underhung, material handling system, manually or electrically operated.

UHE Crane: An electrically operated UH Crane.

UL: (acronym) Underwriters’ Laboratories Inc. (United States certification rating)

ULC: (acronym) Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada.

Ultimate Strength: Is the maximum strength of the member before failure occurs. The symbol Fu is used to denote the ultimate tensile stress.

Underlayment: Asphalt saturated felt beneath roofing to provide additional protection for the deck.

Uniform Load: Loads that cover all or part of a beam and throughout the portion covered, the amount of load per unit of length is the same.

Uplift: The action of wind over the roof of a metal storage building will cause areas of suction that create uplift forces on the roof assembly.

Valley: The internal angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes.

Valley Gutter: A channel used to carry off water from the “V” of roofs of multi-gabled metal storage buildings.

Vapour Barrier: Is a continuous membrane in a metal storage building enclosure (i.e. wall or roof assembly) designed to prevent the migration of moisture from inside the metal storage building out through the enclosure. In an insulated assembly the control of moisture is important to stop condensation from building up in the wall or roof cavity.

Vented: Perforated panels used as soffit to allow air circulation for prevention of moisture buildup.

Ventilation: The process of supplying outside fresh air to, or removing air from an enclosure.

Ventilator: A roof mounted accessory, which allows the air to pass through.

"W" Shape: A hot rolled I-shaped member with parallel flanges generally wider than "S" shapes.

Wainscot: Wall material, used in the lower portion of a wall that is different from the material in the rest of the wall.

Walk Door: See Personnel Door.

Wall: A surface, which is vertical or inclined not more than 20 degrees from the vertical.

Wall Covering: The exterior wall surface consisting of panels.

Wash Coat: A coating applied to the back or unexposed side of the strip. Its purpose is to protect the top coat during transit and prevent corrosion of the reverse side. It also provides lubrication for roll forming. It is not closely controlled for color, gloss or applied dry film thickness. Not to be confused with back coat.

Web: That portion of a structural member between the flanges.

Web Stiffener: See Stiffener.

Wheel Base: Distance from center-to center of the outermost crane wheels.

Wheel Load: The vertical forces without impact produced on a crane ok wheel bearing on a runway rail or suspended from a runway beam. Maximum wheel load occurs with the crane loaded at rated capacity and the trolley positioned to provide maximum vertical force at one set of wheels.

Weep Holes: Openings in flashings, etc., to permit drainage and reduce pressures. (Usually field drilled holes)

White Rust: The zinc corrosion product on galvanized sheet steel that occurs when moisture is present for a prolonged period between sheets that are layered, such as when bundles of steel deck are left exposed at a job site.

Width: The dimension of the metal storage building measured parallel to the main framing from outside to outside of sidewall girts.

Width Extension: A structure dependent upon another structure for partial support and having only one slope or pitch.

Wind Load: A loading representing the pressure exerted on a structure by a given wind velocity. A load caused by the wind blowing from any horizontal direction.

Wind Bent: See Portal Frame.

Wind Column: A vertical member designed to withstand horizontal wind loads, usually in the endwall.

Working Stress Design (WSD): In working stress design, the maximum allowable stress in a structural member is set at a predetermined fraction of the yield strength of the member. This reduction was determined by dividing the yield strength by a "factor of safety".

Work Point: An intersection of planes from which dimensions are located.

X-Bracing: Bracing system with members arranged diagonally in both directions to form an "X". See Bracing.

Yield Strength: Is the maximum stress that can be applied without permanent deformation of the member. The symbol "Fy" is used to denote this stress.

Yield Stress: The stress at which the strain ceases to be directly proportional to the stress. The stress by which steel is identified such as A-36 indicated 36,000 psi yield.

Young's Modulus: Is a physical property of the material that is a measure of its elasticity and is used in calculating deflections.

“Z“ Section: A cold-formed secondary structural member formed in the shape of a block “Z”.

Zinc-Aluminum Coated: Steel coated with an alloy of zinc and aluminum to provide corrosion resistance.